Which of the following kingdoms include organisms with chemosynthetic autotrophic mode of nutrition?

Options

A. Plantae
B. Protista
C. Monera
D. Fungi

Answer

To determine which kingdom includes organisms with a chemosynthetic autotrophic mode of nutrition, we can analyze the different kingdoms based on their nutritional modes.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the Question**: The question asks which kingdom includes organisms that have a chemosynthetic autotrophic mode of nutrition. This means we are looking for organisms that can produce their own food using chemical energy derived from inorganic substances.

2. **Identify the Kingdoms**: The five kingdoms according to R.H. Whittaker's classification are:
- Monera
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia

3. **Analyze Each Kingdom**:
- **Plantae**: Organisms in this kingdom are primarily photosynthetic autotrophs, meaning they use sunlight to synthesize their food through photosynthesis. Therefore, this kingdom does not include chemosynthetic organisms.
- **Protista**: This kingdom consists of a diverse group of organisms, many of which are heterotrophic (they obtain food by consuming other organisms). Thus, this kingdom does not include chemosynthetic autotrophs.
- **Fungi**: Fungi are primarily saprophytic, meaning they feed on dead and decaying organic matter. They do not perform chemosynthesis.
- **Monera**: This kingdom includes bacteria, some of which are capable of chemosynthesis. Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances (like hydrogen sulfide or ammonia) to produce organic compounds.

4. **Conclusion**: Given the analysis, the kingdom that includes organisms with a chemosynthetic autotrophic mode of nutrition is **Monera**.

5. **Final Answer**: The correct answer is **Monera**.