Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae are

Options

A. Endomycorrhizae
B. Ectotrophic mycorrhiza
C. Ectophytic mycorrhiza
D. All except (2)

Answer

To answer the question "Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae are," we need to analyze the options provided and understand the characteristics of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM).

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Definition of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)**:
- VAM, also known as endomycorrhizae, is a type of mycorrhizal association where fungi penetrate the root cells of the host plant.

2. **Understanding Mycorrhizae Types**:
- Mycorrhizae can be classified into two main types:
- **Endomycorrhizae**: Fungi penetrate the root cells and form structures like vesicles and arbuscules inside the cells.
- **Ectomycorrhizae**: Fungi do not penetrate the root cells but form a sheath around the root surface.

3. **Analyzing the Options**:
- The options given are:
- A) Endomycorrhizae
- B) Ectotropic mycorrhizae
- C) Ectophytic mycorrhizae
- D) All except two
- Since VAM is classified as endomycorrhizae, option A is correct.

4. **Identifying Incorrect Options**:
- Ectotropic mycorrhizae and ectophytic mycorrhizae refer to types of mycorrhizae that do not penetrate the root cells, making them incorrect in the context of VAM.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the correct answer is that vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae are **endomycorrhizae**.

### Final Answer:
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae are **endomycorrhizae**.

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