choose the correct set of statements (A) successful germination of propagules and its establishment in a bare area is called nudation. (B) succession and evolution would have been parallel processes to have occurred over millions of years scenes life started on earth (C) the flow of energy is uni directional from producer to consumer level.

Options

A. A and B
B. only A
C. B and C
D. A and C

Answer

To solve the question, we need to evaluate each of the three statements provided and determine which are correct.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Evaluate Statement A**:
- Statement A claims that "successful germination of propagules and its establishment in a bare area is called nudation."
- **Explanation**: Nudation refers to the formation of a bare area, not the germination of propagules. The successful germination and establishment of propagules in a bare area is actually referred to as "invasion." Therefore, this statement is **incorrect**.

2. **Evaluate Statement B**:
- Statement B states that "succession and evolution would have been parallel processes to have occurred over millions of years since life started on earth."
- **Explanation**: Succession is indeed a process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time, and it can lead to evolutionary changes. Thus, succession and evolution can be seen as parallel processes. This statement is **correct**.

3. **Evaluate Statement C**:
- Statement C claims that "the flow of energy is unidirectional from producer to consumer level."
- **Explanation**: In ecological terms, energy flows from producers (like plants) to consumers (herbivores and carnivores) in a unidirectional manner. Producers generate energy through photosynthesis, and consumers obtain energy by consuming producers. Hence, this statement is also **correct**.

### Conclusion:
- Statement A is incorrect.
- Statement B is correct.
- Statement C is correct.

The correct set of statements is **B and C**.

### Final Answer:
The correct option is **B and C**.

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