select the correct sequence of stages in xerarch succession.

Options

A. lichens rarr bryophytes rarr shrubs rarr herbs rarr forest
B. lichensrarr bryophytes rarr herbs rarr shrubs rarr forest
C. grass rarr bryophytes rarr shrubs rarr herbs rarr forest
D. mossrarr grassrarr shrubs rarr herbs rarr forest

Answer

To determine the correct sequence of stages in xerarch succession, we need to understand the process of ecological succession that occurs in extremely dry conditions. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the stages:

### Step 1: Lichens
- **Explanation**: The first organisms to colonize bare rocks in xerarch conditions are lichens. They can survive in harsh, dry environments and play a crucial role in the initial stages of succession by breaking down the rock surface through chemical weathering.
- **Hint**: Remember that lichens are pioneer species that can thrive in extreme conditions.

### Step 2: Soil Formation
- **Explanation**: As lichens grow, they contribute to the weathering of rocks, which leads to the formation of soil. This process is aided by wind and other environmental factors.
- **Hint**: Think about how lichens help create a more hospitable environment for other organisms.

### Step 3: Bryophytes
- **Explanation**: Once some soil has formed, bryophytes (such as mosses) begin to grow. These plants require moisture for reproduction and can survive in the newly formed soil.
- **Hint**: Recall that bryophytes are non-vascular plants that often thrive in moist environments.

### Step 4: Herbs
- **Explanation**: Following the establishment of bryophytes, small herbaceous plants start to grow. These herbs can tolerate the conditions and contribute to further soil enrichment.
- **Hint**: Herbs are typically the next step after mosses in the progression of plant life.

### Step 5: Shrubs
- **Explanation**: As the soil continues to improve, shrubs begin to emerge. They are larger and require more nutrients and moisture than herbs.
- **Hint**: Consider how shrubs provide more structure and habitat compared to smaller plants.

### Step 6: Forest (Climax Community)
- **Explanation**: Eventually, a mature forest develops, representing the climax community. This stage is characterized by a diverse array of plant and animal life, with stable ecological conditions.
- **Hint**: The climax community is the final stage of succession, where the ecosystem reaches balance and stability.

### Final Sequence:
1. Lichens
2. Bryophytes
3. Herbs
4. Shrubs
5. Forest (Climax Community)

### Conclusion:
The correct sequence of stages in xerarch succession is: **Lichen → Bryophyte → Herb → Shrub → Forest**.