Read the following steps of haemodialysis : (a) Blood is taken out of the patient and is cooled to to 0°C ,
(b) Blood is mixed with anti- heparin.
(c) Blood is then pumped to artificial kidney.
(d) Blood is filtered ,
(e) Blood is warm to study temperature and mixed with heparin ,
Which of the mentioned steps incorrect regarding dialysis ?

Options

A. (a) & ( e )
B. (C) & (d)
C. (b) & ( e )
D. (e) & (f)

Answer

To solve the question regarding the incorrect steps in the process of hemodialysis, we will analyze each step provided and identify any inaccuracies.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Step (a): Blood is taken out of the patient and is cooled to 0°C.**
- This step is correct. Blood is indeed taken out of the body and cooled to a lower temperature to prevent clotting and to facilitate the dialysis process.

2. **Step (b): Blood is mixed with anti-heparin.**
- This step is incorrect. The correct term should be "heparin," which is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clotting during the dialysis process. "Anti-heparin" does not exist in this context.

3. **Step (c): Blood is then pumped to the artificial kidney.**
- This step is correct. The blood is pumped into the dialysis machine (artificial kidney) for filtration.

4. **Step (d): Blood is filtered.**
- This step is correct. The blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane in the dialysis machine to remove waste products.

5. **Step (e): Blood is warmed to body temperature and mixed with heparin.**
- This step is also incorrect. The blood should be mixed with "anti-heparin" before it is returned to the patient to ensure that the blood can coagulate properly if needed. The sequence should be to add heparin during the dialysis process, and then anti-heparin before returning the blood to the body.

### Conclusion:
The incorrect steps regarding dialysis are:
- **Step (b)**: Should be "heparin" instead of "anti-heparin."
- **Step (e)**: Should be "anti-heparin" instead of "heparin."

### Final Answer:
The incorrect steps regarding dialysis are (b) and (e).