All of the following are under regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems except

Options

A. Heart rate
B. Digestive tract activity
C. Learning
D. Micturition

Answer

To solve the question, we need to identify which option is not regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Let's break this down step by step:

### Step 1: Understand the Nervous System
The human nervous system is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

- **Sympathetic Nervous System**: This system is activated during stressful situations, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. It prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and inhibiting digestion, among other effects.

- **Parasympathetic Nervous System**: This system is responsible for "rest and digest" activities. It promotes relaxation and conserves energy by slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity, and relaxing sphincter muscles.

### Step 2: Analyze the Options
We need to evaluate which bodily functions are regulated by these two systems. Common functions include:

1. **Heart Rate**: Regulated by both systems. The sympathetic system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic system decreases it.

2. **Digestive Activity**: Primarily regulated by the parasympathetic system, which enhances digestion, while the sympathetic system inhibits it.

3. **Micturition (Urination)**: Both systems influence this process. The parasympathetic system promotes urination, while the sympathetic system can inhibit it.

4. **Learning**: This is a cognitive function and is not directly regulated by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems.

### Step 3: Identify the Exception
From the analysis, we can see that:

- Heart rate, digestive activity, and micturition are all regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Learning is not regulated by these systems.

### Conclusion
The correct answer to the question is **Learning**.

### Final Answer
All of the following are under regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems except **Learning**.

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