Read the following statements.
(I) Ketonuria and glycosuria are characteristic symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
(II) Gynecomastia is caused due to alteration in estrogen to androgen ratio.
(III) Except renin all other component of RAAS are produced by kidneys.
(IV) Generation of secondary messengers leads to the amplification of response generated for a hormone molecule.
Choose the option which includes correct statements only.

Options

A. I & II
B. II & Ill
C. II only
D. II & IV

Answer

To solve the question, we need to evaluate each of the four statements provided and determine which ones are correct. Let's analyze them step by step.

### Step 1: Analyze Statement I
**Statement I:** Ketonuria and glycosuria are characteristic symptoms of diabetes insipidus.

- **Analysis:**
- Diabetes insipidus is primarily caused by a deficiency of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination (polyuria) and dilute urine.
- Ketonuria (presence of ketones in urine) and glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine) are symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is **false**.

### Step 2: Analyze Statement II
**Statement II:** Gynecomastia is caused due to alteration in estrogen to androgen ratio.

- **Analysis:**
- Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males, which can occur due to an increase in estrogen levels or a decrease in androgen levels, leading to an altered ratio of estrogen to androgen.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is **true**.

### Step 3: Analyze Statement III
**Statement III:** Except renin, all other components of RAAS are produced by kidneys.

- **Analysis:**
- The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) includes renin (produced by the kidneys), angiotensin (produced by the liver), and aldosterone (produced by the adrenal glands).
- Therefore, renin is the only component produced by the kidneys, while the other components are produced elsewhere.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is **false**.

### Step 4: Analyze Statement IV
**Statement IV:** Generation of secondary messengers leads to the amplification of response generated for a hormone molecule.

- **Analysis:**
- Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, which then activate secondary messengers. These secondary messengers amplify the signal, leading to a greater cellular response than the initial hormone signal.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is **true**.

### Final Evaluation
Based on the analysis:
- **Correct Statements:** II and IV
- **Incorrect Statements:** I and III

### Answer
The option that includes correct statements only is **II and IV**.

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