which of the following phenomenon do not cause any change in genetic equilibrium of population?

Options

A. Mutation
B. Gene flow
C. Natural selection
D. Random mating

Answer

To solve the question "Which of the following phenomena do not cause any change in genetic equilibrium of population?", we will analyze each option provided in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Genetic Equilibrium**:
- Genetic equilibrium refers to a state where the allele frequencies in a population remain constant over generations. This is described by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle.

2. **Identifying the Options**:
- The options given are:
- A) Mutation
- B) Gene flow
- C) Natural selection
- D) Random mating

3. **Analyzing Each Option**:
- **A) Mutation**:
- Mutations introduce new genetic variations into a population. This change disrupts genetic equilibrium as it alters allele frequencies. Therefore, mutation does cause a change in genetic equilibrium.
- **B) Gene Flow**:
- Gene flow involves the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. This process can change allele frequencies in a population, thus affecting genetic equilibrium. Hence, gene flow also causes a change in genetic equilibrium.
- **C) Natural Selection**:
- Natural selection is the process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This leads to changes in allele frequencies over time, thereby disrupting genetic equilibrium. Thus, natural selection causes a change in genetic equilibrium.
- **D) Random Mating**:
- Random mating means that individuals pair by chance, without regard to their genotypes or phenotypes. This process does not change allele frequencies and is one of the conditions required to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Therefore, random mating does not cause a change in genetic equilibrium.

4. **Conclusion**:
- Among the options analyzed, the only phenomenon that does not cause a change in genetic equilibrium is **D) Random mating**.

### Final Answer:
**D) Random mating**

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