Briefly describe the following:
(a) Transcription
(b) Polymorphism
(c) Translation
(d) Bioinformatics

Explanation

Transcription : It is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template. A segment of Dna gets copied into mRNA during the process. The process of transcription starts at the promotor region of the template DNA and terminates at the terminator region. The segment of DNA between these two regions is known as transcrption unit. The transcription require RNA polymerase enzyme, a DNA template, four types of nucleotides, and certain cofactors such as `Mg^(2+)`
During transcription three events occur. They are : (a) Initiation, (b) Elongation, (c ) Termination. The DNA dependant RNA polymerase and certain initiation factors bind at the double stranded DNA at the promotor region of the template strand and initiate the process of transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and leads and initiate the process of transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and leads to the unwinding of DNA duplex in two separate strands.
Then one of the strands, called sense strand acts as template for mRNA synthesis. The enzyme RNA polymerase utilises nucleoside triphosphates as raw material and polymerizes them to form m RNA according to the complimentary bases present on the template DNA. This process of opening of helix and elongation of polynucleotide chain continuous until the enzyme reaches terminator region. As RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region the newly synthesized mRNA transcripted along with enzyme is released. Another factor called terminator factor (p) required for the termination of the transcription.