Briefly describe the following:
(a) Transcription
(b) Polymorphism
(c) Translation
(d) Bioinformatics

Explanation

Translation : It is the process of polymerizing amino acid to form a polypeptide chain. The triplet sequence of base pairs in mRNA defines the order and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. This process involvs 3 steps. (a) Initiation (b) Elongation (c ) Termination. During the initiation, tRNA gets charged when the aminoacid binds by using ATP. The start codon (AUG) present on mRNA is recognized only by the charged tRNA. The ribosome acts as an actual site for the process of translation and contains two separate sites in a large subunit for the attachment of subsequent aminoacid. The small subunit of ribosome binds to mRNA at the initiation codon (AUG) followed by the large subunit. Then, it initiates the process of translation. During the elongation process, the ribosome moves one codon dowonstream along with mRNA so as to leave the space for binding of another charged tRNA. The aminoacid brought by tRNA get linked with the previous aminoacid through a peptide bond and this process continues resulting in the formation of a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches one or more STOP codon (UAA, UAG and UGA), the process of translation gets terminated. The polypeptide chain is released and ribosomes get detached from mRNA.