Define allotropy. Name the various allotropes of carbon.

Explanation

### Step-by-Step Text Solution

**Step 1: Define Allotropy**
Allotropy refers to the existence of an element in two or more different forms in the same physical state. These different forms, known as allotropes, exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties despite being composed of the same type of atoms.

**Step 2: Identify the Element**
In this case, we are discussing carbon, which is a chemical element with the atomic number 6. Carbon is known for its ability to form various allotropes.

**Step 3: List the Allotropes of Carbon**
The various allotropes of carbon include:
1. **Graphite** - A soft, black material that is used in pencils and as a lubricant.
2. **Diamond** - A hard, transparent crystal that is often used in jewelry and cutting tools.
3. **Buckminsterfullerene (C60)** - A spherical molecule made up of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a structure resembling a soccer ball.

**Step 4: Explain the Properties of Allotropes**
While diamond and graphite are chemically identical (both are forms of carbon), they exhibit entirely different physical properties. For example, diamond is extremely hard and has a high refractive index, while graphite is soft and can conduct electricity.