Sporoderm is made up of ………….

Options

A. exosporium and endosporium
B. outer integuments and inner integument
C. testa and tegmen
D. exine and intine

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Term "Sporoderm":**
- Sporoderm refers to the protective outer layer of pollen grains, which are the male gametes in plants.

2. **Identifying the Components of Sporoderm:**
- The sporoderm is composed of two main layers:
- **Axine:** This is the outer layer of the sporoderm. It is known for being hard and is made of a highly resistant organic material called sporo-pollenin, which is non-biodegradable.
- **Entine:** This is the inner layer of the sporoderm. It is thinner compared to axine and is primarily made up of cellulose and pectin.

3. **Conclusion:**
- Therefore, the sporoderm is made up of **axine and entine**.

**Final Answer:**
Sporoderm is made up of **axine and entine**.

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