Stability of Intermediates

Types OF Hyperconjugation|| +H and -H Effect||Applications on Stability OF Intermediate|| Different Electronic Groups and their Effects||Applications on Bond Length and Bond Order

Dicarboxylic acids have two carboxylic groups, e.g., Acidity of dicarboxylic acid depends upon the stability of intermediate ion and upon the distance between two carboxylic groups. Shorter the distance between two carboxylic groups, greater is the acidic character. Melting point of these acids depends on the symmetry. Greater the symmetry, higher will be the melting point. Dicarboxylic acids on heating give monocarboxylic acid allkanes, cyclic ketones depending on the conditions Which of the following dicarboxylic acids, will give monocarboxylic acid on heating ?

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types, substitution nucleophllic bimolecular (SN^2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (SN^1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards SN^1 and SN^2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. SN^2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of SN^1 reactions. SN^1 reaction is fastest in