Measurements reveal that the forces generated by transpiration can create pressures sufficient to lift a xylem sized column of water over

Options

A. 130 metres high.
B. 13 metres high
C. 30 metres high.
D. 10 metres high.

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Transpiration**: Transpiration is the process by which water vapor is lost from the aerial parts of plants, primarily through small openings called stomata on the leaves. This loss of water creates a negative pressure within the xylem vessels.

2. **Role of Evaporation**: The evaporation of water from the leaf surface causes water to be pulled up from the roots through the xylem. This process is crucial for the movement of water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves.

3. **Capillary Action**: As water evaporates, it creates a tension that pulls water upward. This is aided by capillary action, where water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels and to each other, forming a continuous column of water.

4. **Meniscus Formation**: The surface of the water in the xylem forms a concave shape known as a meniscus due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of water. The curvature of the meniscus is a result of surface tension.

5. **Pressure Generation**: The high surface tension of water allows this concave meniscus to exert an upward force, effectively generating enough pressure to lift the water column.

6. **Height of Water Column**: Measurements indicate that the force generated by transpiration can lift a column of water in the xylem up to approximately 130 meters high. This is the maximum height that can be achieved due to the combination of transpiration pull and the physical properties of water.

7. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the correct answer to the question regarding how high the transpiration force can lift a xylem-sized column of water is **130 meters**.

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