Physical and chemical conditions of soil are studied under

Options

A. Climatic factors
B. Biotic factors
C. Edaphic factors
D. Topographic factors

Explanation

To answer the question "Physical and chemical conditions of soil are studied under," we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Identify the Options**: The question provides four options: climatic factors, biotic factors, edaphic factors, and topographic factors.

2. **Analyze Climatic Factors**:
- Climatic factors refer to the weather conditions of an area, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation.
- These factors do not specifically relate to the conditions of soil.
- **Conclusion**: This option is incorrect.

3. **Analyze Biotic Factors**:
- Biotic factors involve living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem.
- Soil itself is considered an abiotic factor, as it does not involve living organisms directly.
- **Conclusion**: This option is also incorrect.

4. **Analyze Edaphic Factors**:
- Edaphic factors specifically relate to the soil's physical and chemical properties, such as texture, pH, nutrient content, and moisture levels.
- This term is directly associated with the study of soil conditions.
- **Conclusion**: This option is correct.

5. **Analyze Topographic Factors**:
- Topographic factors refer to the physical features of the land, such as elevation, slope, and landscape.
- While these can influence soil conditions, they do not directly study the physical and chemical properties of soil itself.
- **Conclusion**: This option is incorrect.

6. **Final Answer**: Based on the analysis, the correct answer is **edaphic factors**.