### Step-by-Step Solution:
1. **Understanding Biodiversity**: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a given ecosystem, including the number of species, genetic diversity, and the variety of ecosystems.
2. **Factors Affecting Biodiversity**: The question asks about the factors that influence the pattern of biodiversity. The main factors to consider are latitude, altitude, and longitude.
3. **Latitude's Influence**:
- Biodiversity tends to increase as one moves from the poles towards the equator. This is known as the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity.
- For example, tropical regions near the equator, such as Colombia, have a high number of species (around 1400 bird species), while polar regions have significantly fewer species (e.g., Greenland has around 56 bird species).
4. **Altitude's Influence**:
- Biodiversity also changes with altitude. Generally, species diversity decreases as altitude increases.
- This means that lower altitudes, which are often warmer and have more stable climates, tend to support more species compared to higher altitudes.
5. **Examples**:
- The Amazon rainforest, located near the equator, is known for its high biodiversity and is often referred to as the "lungs of the planet."
- In contrast, temperate regions like New York, which is at a higher latitude (41 degrees north), have fewer species (about 105 bird species).
6. **Reasons for Biodiversity Patterns**:
- **Time for Speciation**: Tropical regions have been less disturbed over evolutionary time, allowing more time for species to evolve and diversify.
- **Stable Environment**: The tropical environment is more stable and predictable, which encourages specialization among species.
- **Solar Energy Availability**: Higher solar energy in tropical regions leads to increased productivity, supporting a greater number of species.
7. **Conclusion**: The pattern of biodiversity is significantly affected by both latitude and altitude, making the correct answer to the question: both 1 (latitude) and 2 (altitude).
