Which of the following are in - situ conservation methods?
(a) Biosphere reserves (b) Hotspots [c] National parks (d) Sacred groves (e) Wildlife sanctuaries

Options

A. a, c and d
B. a, c and e
C. a,b,c and e
D. a,b,c,d and e

Answer

To determine which of the following options are in-situ conservation methods, let's analyze each option step by step:

1. **Understanding In-situ Conservation**:
In-situ conservation refers to the conservation of species in their natural habitats. This includes protecting the ecosystems and natural environments where these species live, allowing them to thrive in their natural conditions.

2. **Analyzing Each Option**:
- **(a) Biosphere Reserves**: These are areas designated to promote and conserve biodiversity, including ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity. They are indeed in-situ conservation methods as they protect species in their natural habitats.

- **(b) Hotspots**: Biodiversity hotspots are regions that are both rich in endemic species and threatened by human activities. They are important for conservation efforts and are considered in-situ conservation methods as they focus on preserving species in their natural environments.

- **(c) National Parks**: National parks are protected areas established to conserve wildlife and their habitats. They are a classic example of in-situ conservation as they provide a safe environment for species to live and reproduce naturally.

- **(d) Sacred Groves**: These are patches of forest that are protected by local communities for religious or cultural reasons. They serve as important conservation areas and are considered in-situ conservation methods since they preserve biodiversity in its natural setting.

- **(e) Wildlife Sanctuaries**: Wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas that provide a safe habitat for wild animals. They are also in-situ conservation methods as they aim to conserve species in their natural habitats.

3. **Conclusion**:
All the options provided (biosphere reserves, hotspots, national parks, sacred groves, and wildlife sanctuaries) are in-situ conservation methods. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the options listed are valid examples of in-situ conservation.

### Final Answer:
All of the following are in-situ conservation methods:
(a) Biosphere reserves, (b) Hotspots, (c) National parks, (d) Sacred groves, (e) Wildlife sanctuaries.

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