What are lateral appendages ? Based on their presence and absence, write the various types of flagella giving at least one example for each type.

Explanation

Lateral appendages : Some flagella bear one or two or many rows of short, lateral hair like fibrils called lateral appendages, They are of two types namely .mastigonemes. and .flimmers..
Types of Flagella : Based on the presence or absence and/or the number of rows of lateral appendages, five types of flagella are recognised.
a) Stichonematic : This flagellum bears one row of lateral appendages on the axoneme.
E.g. Euglena and Astasia.
b) Pantonematic : This flagellum has two or more rows of lateral appendages on the axoneme.
E.g. Peranema and Monas.
c) Acronematic : This type of flagellum does not bear lateral appendages and the terminal part of the axoneme is naked .without the outer sheath at its tip.
E.g. : Chlamydomonas and Polytoma.

d) Pantacronematic : This type of flagellum is provided with two or more rows of lateral appendages and the axoneme ends in a terminat naked filament.
E.g. Urceolus.
e) Anematic or simple : In this type of flagellum, lateral appendages and terminal filament are absent. Hence, it is called anematic (a-no,nematic-threads)
E.g. Chilomonas and Cryptomonas.