Which of the following biological processes do not operate within the life span of a given organism ?

Options

A. Birth and nutrition
B. Growth and maturation
C. Metabolism and excretion
D. Decomposition and mineralization

Answer

To determine which biological process does not operate within the lifespan of a given organism, we need to analyze each option provided:

1. **Birth and Nutrition**:
- Birth is the process that marks the beginning of an organism's life. Nutrition is essential for growth and survival. Both of these processes occur during the lifespan of an organism.

2. **Growth and Maturation**:
- Growth refers to the increase in size and mass of an organism, while maturation is the process of reaching full development. Both processes are integral parts of an organism's life cycle and occur during its lifespan.

3. **Metabolism and Excretion**:
- Metabolism encompasses all the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life, including energy production and the synthesis of necessary compounds. Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. Both processes are vital and occur throughout the lifespan of an organism.

4. **Decomposition and Mineralization**:
- Decomposition is the breakdown of organic matter, and mineralization is the process by which organic substances are converted into inorganic forms. These processes are typically carried out by microorganisms and occur after the death of an organism, not during its lifespan.

Based on this analysis, the correct answer is **Decomposition and Mineralization**, as these processes do not operate within the lifespan of a given organism.

### Steps Summary:
1. Analyze each option related to the lifespan of an organism.
2. Determine which processes occur during the life of an organism.
3. Identify the process that occurs after the organism's death.