Bark includes -

Options

A. All tissues exterior to vascular cambium
B. Periderm + Secondary phloem
C. Both living and dead tissues
D. All

Answer

To answer the question "Bark includes -", we need to analyze the components of bark in relation to the vascular cambium.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Bark**: Bark is the outermost layer of a tree or woody plant. It encompasses all the tissues outside the vascular cambium.

2. **Identifying Vascular Cambium**: The vascular cambium is a layer of tissue that produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (inner bark). It is located between the xylem and phloem.

3. **Components of Bark**: Bark includes all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium. This means it consists of:
- **Periderm**: This is the outer protective layer that replaces the epidermis in woody plants. It includes the cork (phellem), cork cambium (phellogen), and phelloderm.
- **Secondary Phloem**: This is the inner bark that conducts nutrients and is produced by the vascular cambium.

4. **Living and Dead Tissues**: Bark consists of both living tissues (like the secondary phloem) and dead tissues (like the cork).

5. **Conclusion**: Therefore, bark includes all the tissues exterior to the vascular cambium, which encompasses periderm, secondary phloem, and both living and dead tissues.

### Final Answer:
Bark includes all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium, which consists of periderm plus secondary phloem, and includes both living and dead tissues.

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