In which of the following water is essential for fertilization -

Options

A. Algae
B. Bryophytes
C. Pteridophytes
D. AII

Answer

To determine in which of the following organisms water is essential for fertilization, we can analyze each option provided.

1. **Algae**: Algae are primarily aquatic organisms. They reproduce through the release of gametes into the water, where fertilization occurs. The presence of water is crucial for the movement of gametes, making water essential for fertilization in algae.

2. **Bryophytes**: Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, are also found in moist environments. They require water for the movement of sperm to the egg during fertilization. The sperm swims through water to reach the egg, indicating that water is necessary for fertilization in bryophytes as well.

3. **Pteridophytes**: Pteridophytes, which include ferns, also depend on water for fertilization. The sperm of pteridophytes must swim through a film of water to reach the egg, so water is essential for fertilization in these plants too.

4. **Gymnosperms**: Gymnosperms, such as conifers, primarily rely on wind for pollination and do not require water for fertilization. The pollen grains are transferred to the ovule without the need for water.

Based on this analysis, the organisms for which water is essential for fertilization are **algae, bryophytes, and pteridophytes**. Gymnosperms do not require water for fertilization.

**Final Answer**: Algae, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes require water for fertilization.