An example of species-Specific coevolution is certain plant species and the single species of animal that pollinates the plant. This type beneficial system is the safeguard against -

Options

A. Pathogenic fungi
B. Pollen or nectar robbers/ cheaters
C. Pathogenic microbes
D. All

Answer

To answer the question regarding species-specific coevolution and its benefits, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Coevolution**: Coevolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory. In this case, we are focusing on the relationship between certain plant species and their specific pollinators.

2. **Identifying the Relationship**: The example given involves certain plants that have evolved alongside a single species of animal (the pollinator). This relationship is highly specialized, meaning that the plant relies on this particular animal for pollination.

3. **Benefits of the Relationship**: This coevolutionary relationship is beneficial for both the plant and the pollinator. The plant gets pollinated, which is essential for its reproduction, while the pollinator receives food (nectar or pollen) from the plant.

4. **Safeguards Against Threats**: The question asks what this beneficial system safeguards against. The options provided include:
- Pathogenic fungi
- Pollen or nectar robbers
- Pathogenic microbes
- All of the above

5. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Pathogenic Fungi**: The plant may develop traits that help it resist fungal infections, which can be a threat to its survival.
- **Pollen or Nectar Robbers**: These are organisms that take pollen or nectar without aiding in pollination, which can negatively impact the plant's reproductive success.
- **Pathogenic Microbes**: Similar to fungi, these can also pose a threat to the health of the plant.

6. **Conclusion**: Given that the relationship between the plant and the pollinator is specialized, it can indeed provide a safeguard against all these threats. Therefore, the correct answer is that this type of beneficial system is a safeguard against **all of the above**.

### Final Answer:
This type of beneficial system is the safeguard against **all of the above** (pathogenic fungi, pollen or nectar robbers, pathogenic microbes).

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