Modern Ex situ conservation includes -

Options

A. cryopreservation techniques
B. in vitro fertilisation
C. plants can be propagated using fissue culture methods
D. All

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Ex Situ Conservation**:
- Ex situ conservation refers to the conservation of species outside their natural habitats. This includes maintaining organisms in controlled environments where their needs can be met, such as zoos, botanical gardens, and laboratories.

2. **Importance of Ex Situ Conservation**:
- The primary goal of ex situ conservation is to prevent extinction and maintain biodiversity. It allows for the care and management of species that are threatened or endangered in their natural environments.

3. **Modern Techniques in Ex Situ Conservation**:
- **Cryopreservation**: This technique involves preserving cells, tissues, and genetic material at very low temperatures. It ensures that these biological materials remain viable for long periods, which is crucial for future breeding programs.

- **In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)**: IVF, also known as test tube fertilization, is a method where gametes (sperm and eggs) are combined outside the body to create embryos. This technique is essential for species that have difficulty breeding in captivity.

- **Tissue Culture**: This method involves growing plant tissues in a controlled environment to propagate new plants. It allows for the multiplication of rare or endangered plant species and ensures their survival outside their natural habitat.

4. **Conclusion**:
- All the mentioned techniques—cryopreservation, in vitro fertilization, and tissue culture—are modern methods of ex situ conservation. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that modern ex situ conservation includes all of these techniques.

**Final Answer**: Modern ex situ conservation includes cryopreservation techniques, in vitro fertilization, and tissue culture.

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