Which of the following processes requires maximum energy

Options

A. `Mg(g)rarrMg^(+)(g)+e^(-)`
B. `Mg^(+)(g)rarr Mg^(+2)(g)+e^(-)`
C. `Na(g)rarrNa^(+)(g)+e^(-)`
D. `Na^(+)(g)rarr Na^(2+)(g)+e^(-)`

Answer

To determine which process requires the maximum energy, we need to analyze the electronic configurations of the ions and elements involved in each option. Let's break down the steps:

### Step 1: Identify the electronic configurations
1. **Magnesium (Mg)**:
- Electronic configuration: \( [Ne] 3s^2 \)
- When it loses one electron to form \( Mg^+ \):
- \( Mg \rightarrow Mg^+ + e^- \)
- Configuration of \( Mg^+ \): \( [Ne] 3s^1 \)
- When it loses another electron to form \( Mg^{2+} \):
- \( Mg^+ \rightarrow Mg^{2+} + e^- \)
- Configuration of \( Mg^{2+} \): \( [Ne] \)

2. **Sodium (Na)**:
- Electronic configuration: \( [Ne] 3s^1 \)
- When it loses one electron to form \( Na^+ \):
- \( Na \rightarrow Na^+ + e^- \)
- Configuration of \( Na^+ \): \( [Ne] \)
- When \( Na^+ \) loses another electron to form \( Na^{2+} \):
- \( Na^+ \rightarrow Na^{2+} + e^- \)
- Configuration of \( Na^{2+} \): \( [Ne] \)

### Step 2: Analyze the energy required for each process
- **For \( Mg \rightarrow Mg^+ \)**:
- Losing one electron requires some energy but is relatively easy.

- **For \( Mg^+ \rightarrow Mg^{2+} \)**:
- Losing another electron is more difficult as \( Mg^{2+} \) achieves a noble gas configuration.

- **For \( Na \rightarrow Na^+ \)**:
- Losing one electron is also relatively easy.

- **For \( Na^+ \rightarrow Na^{2+} \)**:
- This process is the most difficult because \( Na^+ \) has a noble gas configuration. Removing an electron from a stable noble gas configuration requires a significant amount of energy.

### Conclusion
After analyzing the processes, we conclude that the process that requires the maximum energy is:
- **\( Na^+ \rightarrow Na^{2+} + e^- \)**

### Final Answer
The process that requires maximum energy is the fourth option: **\( Na^+ \rightarrow Na^{2+} + e^- \)**.

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