How many of the following groups are ortho,para directing and ring activating?
`-NO_(2), -CN, -CH_(3), -OH, -NH_(2),`
`-OR, -X, -CHO, -NHR`

Answer

To determine how many of the given groups are ortho, para directing and ring activating, we need to analyze each group based on its electronic effects on the benzene ring.

1. **-NO₂ (Nitro group)**: This group is a strong electron-withdrawing group due to its -I (inductive) effect and -M (mesomeric) effect. It deactivates the ring and directs substitution to the meta position.
- **Conclusion**: Not ortho/para directing, not activating.

2. **-CN (Cyano group)**: Similar to the nitro group, the cyano group is also an electron-withdrawing group. It deactivates the ring and directs substitution to the meta position.
- **Conclusion**: Not ortho/para directing, not activating.

3. **-CH₃ (Methyl group)**: This group is an electron-donating group due to its +I effect. It activates the ring and directs substitution to the ortho and para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, activating.

4. **-OH (Hydroxyl group)**: The hydroxyl group is an electron-donating group due to its +M effect (resonance). It activates the ring and directs substitution to the ortho and para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, activating.

5. **-NH₂ (Amino group)**: The amino group is also an electron-donating group due to its +M effect. It activates the ring and directs substitution to the ortho and para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, activating.

6. **-OR (Alkoxy group)**: Alkoxy groups (like -OCH₃) are electron-donating due to their +M effect. They activate the ring and direct substitution to the ortho and para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, activating.

7. **-X (Halogens)**: Halogens (like -Cl, -Br, -I) are unique; they are weakly electron-withdrawing due to their -I effect but still donate electrons through resonance (+M effect). They direct substitution to the ortho and para positions but are considered deactivating overall.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, but weakly activating.

8. **-CHO (Aldehyde group)**: The aldehyde group is an electron-withdrawing group due to its -I effect and does not donate electrons through resonance. It directs substitution to the meta position.
- **Conclusion**: Not ortho/para directing, not activating.

9. **-NHR (Amino group with a hydrogen atom)**: Similar to the amino group, this is also an electron-donating group due to its +M effect. It activates the ring and directs substitution to the ortho and para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Ortho/para directing, activating.

Now, summarizing the findings:

- Ortho/para directing and activating groups: **-CH₃, -OH, -NH₂, -OR, -X, -NHR** (6 groups)
- Not ortho/para directing and not activating: **-NO₂, -CN, -CHO** (3 groups)

**Final Answer**: There are 6 groups that are ortho, para directing and ring activating.