In some angiosperms and gymnosperms, the multiple embryos are produced in the following way/ways?

Options

A. By fertilization of synergids or antipodal cells by sperms
B. By cleavage of the single zygote
C. One or more cells of the nucellus or integument develops into embryo
D. All of these

Answer

To solve the question regarding how multiple embryos are produced in some angiosperms and gymnosperms, we will analyze each option provided and determine their validity based on biological principles.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Concept of Multiple Embryos**:
- Multiple embryos refer to the occurrence of more than one embryo developing from a single fertilization event or from other processes in the plant reproductive cycle. This phenomenon is observed in certain angiosperms and gymnosperms.

2. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Option 1: By fertilization of synergids and antipodal cells by sperm**:
- In angiosperms, double fertilization occurs where one sperm fertilizes the egg cell (forming the zygote) and another sperm fuses with two polar nuclei (forming the endosperm). However, the fertilization of synergids and antipodal cells does not typically lead to the formation of embryos. Therefore, this option is **incorrect**.

- **Option 2: By cleavage of the single zygote**:
- This process involves the zygote dividing into multiple cells, which can then develop into separate embryos. This phenomenon is known as cleavage polyembryony. This option is **correct**.

- **Option 3: One or more cells of the nucellus or integument develop into embryos**:
- This refers to a process known as adventive polyembryony, where additional embryos form from cells other than the fertilized egg, such as from the nucellus or integument. This option is also **correct**.

3. **Conclusion**:
- Based on the analysis, the correct ways in which multiple embryos can be produced in angiosperms and gymnosperms include:
- Cleavage of the single zygote.
- Development of embryos from cells of the nucellus or integument.
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that multiple embryos can be produced by cleavage of the single zygote and by the development of one or more cells of the nucellus or integument.

### Final Answer:
Multiple embryos in angiosperms and gymnosperms are produced by:
- Cleavage of the single zygote.
- Development of one or more cells of the nucellus or integument into embryos.