Ferromagnetic msterials owe their properties to

Options

A. Filled inner subshells
B. Vacant inner subshells
C. Partially filled inner subshells
D. all the subshells are equally filled

Answer

To solve the question regarding the properties of ferromagnetic materials, we need to understand the underlying principles of magnetism and the structure of these materials.

### Step-by-step Solution:

1. **Understanding Ferromagnetism**:
- Ferromagnetic materials are those that can be magnetized; they exhibit strong magnetic properties. Common examples include iron, cobalt, and nickel.

2. **Electron Configuration**:
- The magnetic properties of materials are largely determined by the arrangement of electrons, particularly the unpaired electrons in their atomic or molecular structure.

3. **Subshells and Electron Filling**:
- Electrons occupy atomic orbitals in a specific order, filling lower energy levels first. The subshells (s, p, d, f) can be either fully filled, partially filled, or vacant.
- In ferromagnetic materials, it is the partially filled subshells that play a crucial role.

4. **Role of Unpaired Electrons**:
- Unpaired electrons in partially filled subshells contribute to the magnetic moment of the atom. These unpaired electrons can align their spins in the presence of an external magnetic field, leading to the material's ferromagnetic properties.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the properties of ferromagnetic materials are primarily due to the presence of partially filled inner subshells, which contain unpaired electrons that contribute to the overall magnetic behavior of the material.

### Final Answer:
Ferromagnetic materials owe their properties to **partially filled inner subshells**.

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