From the following, identify the pair of species that shows co-evolution.

Options

A. Fig trees and pollinator species of wasp
B. Fungus and cyanobacteria
C. Sea anemone and clown fish
D. All of them

Answer

To identify the pair of species that shows co-evolution from the given options, we will analyze each pair and determine if they exhibit mutual benefits that characterize co-evolution.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand Co-evolution**: Co-evolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution. This typically involves a mutual benefit where both species gain advantages from their interactions.

2. **Evaluate the First Pair: Fig Tree and Pollinator Wasp**:
- The fig tree produces fruits that are pollinated by wasps.
- The wasps benefit by laying their eggs inside the fig, which provides a safe environment for their offspring.
- Thus, both the fig tree and the wasp benefit from this relationship.
- **Conclusion**: This pair shows co-evolution.

3. **Evaluate the Second Pair: Fungus and Cyanobacteria**:
- Fungus provides shelter and raw materials for cyanobacteria.
- Cyanobacteria, being photosynthetic, produce food that benefits the fungus.
- This mutualistic relationship indicates that both species benefit from each other.
- **Conclusion**: This pair also shows co-evolution.

4. **Evaluate the Third Pair: Sea Anemone and Clownfish**:
- The sea anemone provides protection to the clownfish with its stinging tentacles.
- In return, the clownfish provides nitrogenous waste that benefits the sea anemone.
- This mutualistic relationship highlights the benefits for both species.
- **Conclusion**: This pair too shows co-evolution.

5. **Final Evaluation**:
- Since all three pairs (Fig tree and Wasp, Fungus and Cyanobacteria, Sea Anemone and Clownfish) exhibit characteristics of co-evolution, the answer is that **all of them show co-evolution**.

### Final Answer:
All of the pairs listed (Fig tree and Wasp, Fungus and Cyanobacteria, Sea Anemone and Clownfish) show co-evolution.

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