Which of the following structure is not related to the life cycle of Funaria ?

Options

A. Protonema
B. Spore
C. Prothallus
D. Antheridia

Answer

To solve the question regarding which structure is not related to the life cycle of Funaria, we can follow these steps:

### Step 1: Understand the life cycle of Funaria
Funaria, a moss, has a haplodiplontic life cycle, which includes both a gametophyte phase and a sporophyte phase. The gametophyte phase is dominant.

### Step 2: Identify the structures mentioned in the options
The options provided are:
1. Protonema
2. Spore
3. Prothalus
4. Phridia

### Step 3: Analyze each structure in relation to Funaria
- **Protonema**: This is the juvenile stage of the gametophyte in Funaria. It is filamentous and grows from the spore. Thus, it is related to the life cycle of Funaria.

- **Spore**: Spores are produced during the sporophyte phase of Funaria and are essential for reproduction. Therefore, spores are also related to its life cycle.

- **Prothalus**: This term typically refers to the gametophyte of ferns and is not associated with the life cycle of Funaria. Instead, Funaria has a leafy gametophyte and protonema.

- **Phridia**: These are structures associated with the mosses, including Funaria, and play a role in water absorption and anchoring.

### Step 4: Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the structure that is not related to the life cycle of Funaria is **Prothalus**.

### Final Answer
The correct option is **Prothalus**.

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