Which of the following factorss ar favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin ?
(a) High `p_(O_(2))`, low `p_(CO_(2))`
(b) Lesser `H^(+)` concentration, lower temperature
( c) Low `p_(O_(2))`, high `CO_(2)`
(d) High `H^(+)` , higher temperature

Options

A. A and B
B. A and C
C. A and D
D. A only

Answer

To determine which factors are favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin, let's analyze each option step by step:

### Step 1: Understand the Formation of Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The binding of oxygen is influenced by several factors, including partial pressures of gases, temperature, and pH (which is related to hydrogen ion concentration).

### Step 2: Analyze Each Option
1. **Option (a): High `p_(O_(2))`, low `p_(CO_(2))`**
- High partial pressure of oxygen (`p_(O_(2))`) promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
- Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (`p_(CO_(2))`) also favors the formation of oxyhemoglobin, as high levels of carbon dioxide can lead to the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- **Conclusion**: This option is favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.

2. **Option (b): Lesser `H^(+)` concentration, lower temperature**
- Lesser hydrogen ion concentration (higher pH) promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, as increased acidity (more `H^(+)`) leads to the release of oxygen (Bohr effect).
- Lower temperature also favors the binding of oxygen, as higher temperatures can cause the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- **Conclusion**: This option is also favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.

3. **Option (c): Low `p_(O_(2))`, high `CO_(2)`**
- Low partial pressure of oxygen (`p_(O_(2))`) does not favor binding; instead, it promotes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- High partial pressure of carbon dioxide (`p_(CO_(2))`) also promotes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- **Conclusion**: This option is not favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.

4. **Option (d): High `H^(+)`, higher temperature**
- High hydrogen ion concentration (low pH) leads to the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- Higher temperature also promotes the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.
- **Conclusion**: This option is not favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.

### Step 3: Final Conclusion
Based on the analysis:
- Options (a) and (b) are favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin.
- Options (c) and (d) are not favorable.

Thus, the correct answer is **A and B**.