In which of the following groups of organisms, nitrogenous wastes are excreted in such a way to minimise the excessive loss of water?
(a) Birds and snails
(b) Reptiles an insects
(c) Insects and birds
(d) All of the above

Options

A. Birds and snails
B. Reptiles an insects
C. Insects and birds
D. All of the above

Answer

To solve the question, we need to analyze the nitrogenous waste excretion methods of the organisms listed in the options and determine which groups minimize water loss.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Nitrogenous Waste**:
- Nitrogenous wastes are products of protein metabolism and can be excreted in different forms: ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
- Ammonia is highly toxic and requires a lot of water for excretion, while urea is less toxic and requires less water. Uric acid is the least toxic and can be excreted with minimal water loss.

2. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **(a) Birds and snails**:
- Both birds and snails excrete uric acid, which is a form of nitrogenous waste that minimizes water loss. Thus, they are considered uricotelic organisms.

- **(b) Reptiles and insects**:
- Reptiles also excrete uric acid, and many insects do the same. This means they also minimize water loss through their nitrogenous waste.

- **(c) Insects and birds**:
- As mentioned, both insects and birds excrete uric acid, further confirming that they minimize water loss.

- **(d) All of the above**:
- Since all the groups mentioned (birds, snails, reptiles, and insects) excrete nitrogenous wastes in a way that minimizes water loss, this option suggests that all previous options are correct.

3. **Conclusion**:
- Since all the groups listed in options (a), (b), and (c) are capable of excreting nitrogenous wastes that minimize water loss, the correct answer is **(d) All of the above**.

### Final Answer:
**(d) All of the above**