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The proton gradient created across the t...

The proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane in chloroplast :
A. Increases pH of lumen
B. Breaks due to movement of protons from lumen to stroma
C. Provides energy to cause a conformational change in `CF_(1)` particle
The correct statements is/are

A

Only A

B

Both B and C

C

Only C

D

Only B

Text Solution

AI Generated Solution

The correct Answer is:
To analyze the question regarding the proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, let's evaluate each statement one by one. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding the Proton Gradient**: - The thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. During these reactions, protons (H⁺ ions) are pumped into the thylakoid lumen, creating a proton gradient across the membrane. 2. **Evaluating Statement A**: - **Statement A**: "Increases pH of lumen" - Since protons are concentrated in the lumen, the pH of the lumen actually decreases (becomes more acidic) because pH is inversely related to the concentration of H⁺ ions. Therefore, this statement is **incorrect**. 3. **Evaluating Statement B**: - **Statement B**: "Breaks due to movement of protons from lumen to stroma" - The proton gradient can be disrupted when protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma. This movement is essential for ATP synthesis as it allows for the flow of protons through ATP synthase, which leads to the production of ATP. Thus, this statement is **correct**. 4. **Evaluating Statement C**: - **Statement C**: "Provides energy to cause a conformational change in CF1 particle" - The flow of protons back into the stroma through ATP synthase (CF1 particle) does indeed provide the energy needed for ATP synthesis. This flow causes a conformational change in the CF1 particle, facilitating the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. Therefore, this statement is also **correct**. ### Conclusion: Based on the evaluations: - Statement A is incorrect. - Statement B is correct. - Statement C is correct. Thus, the correct statements are **B and C**. ### Final Answer: The correct statements are B and C. ---
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Observe the given figure of ATP sysnthesis through chemiosmosis and arrange the followign events in correct sequence (a) Movement of e^(-) through H-carrier ltBrgt (b) Shifting of protons from stroma to Lumen ltBrgt (c) Facilitated diffusion of protons across the membrane (d) Conformation change in the F_(1) particle of the ATPase (e) Formation of ATP molecule

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ATP synthesis in chloroplast and mithochondria is due to proton gradient across the membrane. Select corrct statement w.r.t formation in chloroplast (a) Proton accumulates in lumen of thylakiod (b) Splitting of water occures on inner side of membrane (c) proton redutase is located on stroma side of chloroplast (d) NADP reductase is located on stroma side of membrane

Assertion: The proton gradient is broken down due to the movement of protons across the membrane to stroma through the transmembrane channerl of the F_(0) of the ATPase. Reason: The breakdonw of proton gradient leads to release of energy.

In a ideal crystal there nust be regular repeating arrangement of the constuting particles and its entropy must be zero at absolute zero at absolute zero temperature. However, it is impossible to obtain an ideal crystal and it suffers from certain defects called imperfections. In pure crystal these defects arise either due to disorder or dislocation of the movement of the particles even at absolute zero temperature. Such defect increases with rise in temperature. In addition ti this, certain defects arise due to the pressure of some impurities. Such defects not only modify the existing properties of the crystalline solid but also impart certain new characteritics to them. In pure crystal, e.g, silicon or germanium at 0K, the electrons are prsent in fully occupied lowest energy states and are not xpected to conduct any electricity. However at temperature above 0K, some electron leave their bonds and become free to move in the crystal lattice, giving rise to and become free to move in the crystal lattice, giving rise to electrical conductivity. The electron deficient bonds, called holes (+vely charged) and thermally mobile electrons move in opposite direction under the electric field. Stoichiometric ppoint defects include (a) Schottky defects, which arise due to missing of both cations and anions from their lattice sites without disturbing the stoichiometry and (b) Frenked defects, which arise due to misplacement of certian ions in the crystal lattice. The former defect gives rise to no change of density. Another type of defects are non-stoichometry defects where the cetions and anion are not present in the stoichiometry ratio. In metal excess defect, metal ions or positive ions are in excess as compared to anions of non-metals stoichiometrycally. On the other hand in metal deficiency defect, the cations are in lesser proportion than stoichiometric value. Since the crystal is neutral electrically, the balance of charge is maintained by free electrons or extra positive charges. The metal excess defects gives rise to conduction of electricity due to the presence of free electrons. Also crystals having metal excess defects are paramagnetic and coloured due to the presence of electrons in the anion vacancies. Impurity defects arise when some foreign atoms are present at the lattice sites in place of the host atoms or at the vacant interstitial sites. When 15 group elements like P or are doped into Si or Ge, the added impurity atoms occupy the lattice sites forming four covalent bonds with 4 Si/Ge atoms leaving an extra electron free to move. Such a crystal is said to be n-type semi conductor because the conduction of electricity is due to movement of extra unbounded electrons. If doping of a covalent crystal of 14 group elements are caused by addition of small amounts of elements are caused by addition of small amounts of elements of group 13, e.g, Al or Ga with three valence electrons, one covalent bond formed will be electron deficient and acts as a positive hole. The presence of such holes in the crystal leads to electrical conductivity and the the crystal is said to be p-type semiconductor. Lattice defect per 10^(15)NaCl is 1. What is the number of lattice defects in 1 mole of NaCl?

In a ideal crystal there nust be regular repeating arrangement of the constuting particles and its entropy must be zero at absolute zero at absolute zero temperature. However, it is impossible to obtain an ideal crystal and it suffers from certain defects called imperfections. In pure crystal these defects arise either due to disorder or dislocation of the movement of the particles even at absolute zero temperature. Such defect increases with rise in temperature. In addition ti this, certain defects arise due to the pressure of some impurities. Such defects not only modify the existing properties of the crystalline solid but also impart certain new characteritics to them. In pure crystal, e.g, silicon or germanium at 0K, the electrons are prsent in fully occupied lowest energy states and are not xpected to conduct any electricity. However at temperature above 0K, some electron leave their bonds and become free to move in the crystal lattice, giving rise to and become free to move in the crystal lattice, giving rise to electrical conductivity. The electron deficient bonds, called holes (+vely charged) and thermally mobile electrons move in opposite direction under the electric field. Stoichiometric ppoint defects include (a) Schottky defects, which arise due to missing of both cations and anions from their lattice sites without disturbing the stoichiometry and (b) Frenked defects, which arise due to misplacement of certian ions in the crystal lattice. The former defect gives rise to no change of density. Another type of defects are non-stoichometry defects where the cetions and anion are not present in the stoichiometry ratio. In metal excess defect, metal ions or positive ions are in excess as compared to anions of non-metals stoichiometrycally. On the other hand in metal deficiency defect, the cations are in lesser proportion than stoichiometric value. Since the crystal is neutral electrically, the balance of charge is maintained by free electrons or extra positive charges. The metal excess defects gives rise to conduction of electricity due to the presence of free electrons. Also crystals having metal excess defects are paramagnetic and coloured due to the presence of electrons in the anion vacancies. Impurity defects arise when some foreign atoms are present at the lattice sites in place of the host atoms or at the vacant interstitial sites. When 15 group elements like P or are doped into Si or Ge, the added impurity atoms occupy the lattice sites forming four covalent bonds with 4 Si/Ge atoms leaving an extra electron free to move. Such a crystal is said to be n-type semi conductor because the conduction of electricity is due to movement of extra unbounded electrons. If doping of a covalent crystal of 14 group elements are caused by addition of small amounts of elements are caused by addition of small amounts of elements of group 13, e.g, Al or Ga with three valence electrons, one covalent bond formed will be electron deficient and acts as a positive hole. The presence of such holes in the crystal leads to electrical conductivity and the the crystal is said to be p-type semiconductor. The type of semiconduction shown by crystal capable of showing Schottky defect, will be :

PHYSICS WALLAH-PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS -LEVEL - 2
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  2. The proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane in chloropla...

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  3. In the CO(2) content of the atmosphere is as high as 300 parts per mil...

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  4. The path of CO(2) in the dark reaction of photosynthetic was su...

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  5. Moll's half leaf experiment shows

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  6. Which of the following order is correct above the photosynthesis ?

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  7. The first step in photosynthesis is the

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  8. Energy released during movement of electrons through the photosystems ...

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  9. Synthesis of ADP+ Pi ~ ATP in grana photosynthesis is

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  10. Photooxidation of water in photosynthesis is in association of :

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  11. Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. The chemical used to r...

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  12. Connecting link between light phase and dark phase of photosynthesis.

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  13. Thomas Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passe...

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  14. Non-cycle photophosorylation results in the production of

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  15. The first stable product of photosynthesis in C(3) plants is :

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  16. A student sets up an experiment on photosynthesis and it is as follows...

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  17. Tropical plants like sugarcane show high efficiency of CO(2) fixation ...

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  18. During non cyclic-photophosphorylation, water is oxidized and the elec...

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  19. As discovered by Calvin, when algal cells are exposed to radioactive C...

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  20. How many molecules of carbondioxide are needed to produce one molecule...

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