Which of the following is the most important cause for animals and plants being driven to extinction?

Options

A. Over-exploitation
B. Alien species invasion
C. Habitat loss and fragmentation
D. Co-extinctions

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks for the most important cause of extinction in animals and plants. We need to analyze the given options to identify which one is the most significant.

2. **Analyzing Option 1: Over-exploitation**: This refers to the unsustainable use of natural resources. While over-exploitation can lead to extinction, it is not the most important cause when compared to habitat loss.

3. **Analyzing Option 2: Alien Species Invasion**: This involves the introduction of non-native species that can threaten local biodiversity. Although it can impact ecosystems, it is not the primary cause of extinction.

4. **Analyzing Option 3: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation**: This option highlights the conversion of natural habitats (like forests) into urban areas, which leads to the destruction of ecosystems. This is considered the most significant cause of extinction, as it directly affects the living conditions of many species.

5. **Analyzing Option 4: Co-extinction**: This phenomenon occurs when the decline of one species leads to the decline of another species that depends on it. While it is a concerning issue, it is a consequence of other factors like habitat loss.

6. **Conclusion**: After analyzing all the options, the most important cause for animals and plants being driven to extinction is **Habitat Loss and Fragmentation** (Option 3).

**Final Answer**: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation (Option 3).

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