Which one of these are necessary conditions for Hardy-Weinberg principle for applying to a genetic populations ?

Options

A. A high mutation rate and random mating
B. A low mutation rate and a small population
C. Selective mating and a small population
D. Non-migrating and a large population

Answer

To determine the necessary conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg principle to apply to a genetic population, we need to evaluate the provided options based on the criteria established by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Here’s a step-by-step solution:

### Step 1: Understand the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. The equation is represented as \( p + q = 1 \), where \( p \) is the frequency of the dominant allele and \( q \) is the frequency of the recessive allele.

### Step 2: Identify the Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The necessary conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include:
1. **Large population size**: This reduces the effects of genetic drift.
2. **No mutations**: There should be no changes in the genetic makeup.
3. **Random mating**: Individuals must mate randomly, not based on genotype or phenotype.
4. **No migration**: There should be no movement of individuals into or out of the population.

### Step 3: Evaluate Each Option
1. **Option 1: High mutation rate and random mating**
- High mutation rate is not acceptable as it alters the genetic constitution. Random mating is a requirement, but this option is incorrect due to the mutation aspect.

2. **Option 2: Low mutation rate and small population**
- A low mutation rate is still a mutation, which is not acceptable. Additionally, a small population is not suitable as it can lead to genetic drift. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

3. **Option 3: Selective mating and a small population**
- Selective mating contradicts the requirement for random mating. A small population is also not suitable. Thus, this option is incorrect.

4. **Option 4: Non-migrating and large population**
- This option meets both criteria: a large population size and no migration. Therefore, this option is correct.

### Conclusion
The correct answer is **Option 4: Non-migrating and large population**.

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