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The lower meniscus should be taken into ...

The lower meniscus should be taken into consideration while reading the level of mercury in a burette.

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### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding Meniscus**: The meniscus is the curve seen at the surface of a liquid in response to its container. In a burette, the liquid (mercury) forms a meniscus due to the adhesive forces between the liquid and the glass. 2. **Types of Meniscus**: There are two types of meniscus: concave and convex. A concave meniscus curves downwards, while a convex meniscus curves upwards. Mercury, being a metal, has a convex meniscus due to its cohesive forces being stronger than its adhesive forces with glass. 3. **Reading the Burette**: When reading the level of mercury in a burette, it is essential to read from the bottom of the meniscus. This is because the lower part of the meniscus provides the most accurate measurement of the liquid level. 4. **Why Lower Meniscus?**: The lower meniscus is used for measurement because it represents the true level of the liquid. If you were to read from the top of the meniscus, you would get an inaccurate reading, as the liquid does not fill the entire volume of the container uniformly. 5. **Practical Application**: To accurately measure the volume of mercury in a burette, you should position your eye level with the bottom of the meniscus to avoid parallax error, which can occur if you view the meniscus from above or below.
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Knowledge Check

  • The following 'precautions' were listed by a student in the experiment on study of 'Dependence of current on potential difference'. (A) Use copper wires as thin as possible for making connections. (B) All the connections should be kept tight. (C) The positive and negative terminals of the voltmeter and the ammeter should be correctly connected. (D) The 'zero error' in the ammeter and the voltmeter should be noted and taken into consideration while recording the measurements. (E) The 'key' in the circuit, once plugged in, should not be taken out till all the observations have been completed. The 'precautions' that need to be corrected and revised are :

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    (A), (C) and (E)
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