Food chain is divided into three basic categories. Name them according to the description given below
(i) Goes from smaller to larger animals.
(ii) Goes from larger to smaller animals.
(iii) Goes from dead organisms to microorganisms.

From the three pairs of lines given below, identify those which uniquely determine a plane : (i) intersecting pair, (ii) parallel pair, (iii) a pair of skew lines.

Given diagram illustrates an evolutionary tree. Which of the following statements can be deduced from the given evolutionary tree? (i) The ancestral eukaryotes were anaerobic. (ii) All eukaryotes were anaerobic. (ii) All eukaryotes possess mitochondria. (iii) Eubacteria and Eukaryota have a common ancestor whereas Archebacteria have a unique and independent origin. (iv) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar genomes. (v) Mitochondria are presents in plants, animals and fungi. (vi) chloroplasts and mitochondria arose asendosymbionts. (vii) Fungi and animals lost chloroplasts during evolution.

A 'type' is one particular specimen (or a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. Match colum I (type) with colum II (description) and select the correct option from the codes given below. {:(,"Colum I",,"Column II"),(A.,"Holotype",(i),"A specimen cited with original description other than the holotype or isotype"),(B.,"Isotype",(ii),"A duplicate of the holotype"),(C.,"Paratype",(iii),"A specimen designated in the original designated in the original description"),(D.,"Lectotype",(iv),"A specimen selected from original material to serve as nomenclatural type when the holotype was not designated"):}

Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the codes given below. {:(,"Column I",, "Column II"),(A.,"Botanical garden",(i),"Preserved plant specimens"),(B.,"Zoological park",(ii),"Preserved plant and animal specimens"),(C.,"Museum",(iii),"Living plants"),(D.,"Herbarium",(iv),"Living wild animals"):}

Match the organisms given in column I with their mode of reproduction in column II and select the correct answer from the codes given below. {:("Column I", "Column II"),("Potato", (i) "Zoospores"),("Spirogyra", (ii) "Stem cuttings"),("Rose" ,(iii)"Conidiospores"),("Penicillium",(iv)"Stem tubers"):}

Match the terms given in column I with their descriptions given in column II and select the correct option from the codes given below. {:(,"Column-I",,"Column-II"),((A),"Out-crossing",(i),"Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed"),((B),"Interspecific hybridisation",(ii),"Mating of animals of same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree for 4-6 generations"),((C),"Cross-breeding",(iii),"Mating of animals of two different species"),((D),"Inbreeding",(iv),"Mating of animals belonging to different breeds"):}

Math column I with column II and select the correct option from the codes given below {:("Column I","Column II"),(A." Food",(i)." Brown algae"),(B." Agar",(ii)." Porphyra, Laminaria"),(C."Algin",(iii)." Gelidium, Gracilaria"),(D." Carrageenin",(iv)." Red algae"):}

Match colum I with colum II and select the correct option from the codes given below. {:(,"Column I",, "Column II"),(A.,"Ecology",(i),"Relationships of organisms and environment"),(B.,"Herbarium",(ii),"Original specimen cited by an auther"),(C.,"Holotype",(iii),"A hierarchial unit"),(D.,"Taxon",(iv),"Collection of wild and domestic plants"):}

Mathc column I with column II and select the correct option from the given codes. {:("column I","column II"),("Gross primary productivity",(i)"Geen plants"),("Secondary productivity",(ii)"Rate of synthesis of organic matter by consumers"),("Transducers",(iii)"Total organic matter produced from solar energy"),("Food web",(iv)"Interconnection of food chains"):}