Define hybridization. What are the characteristics of hybridization ?

Answer

### Step-by-Step Text Solution:

**Step 1: Define Hybridization**
Hybridization is a phenomenon that involves the intermixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. This process typically occurs when atoms bond together, allowing them to achieve a more stable configuration. More precisely, hybridization can be defined as the intermixing of atomic orbitals of the same energy to produce hybrid orbitals.

**Step 2: Characteristics of Hybridization**
1. **Combination of Atomic Orbitals**: Hybridization involves the combination of atomic orbitals that are of the same energy level. This means that only orbitals with similar energy can hybridize effectively.

2. **Conservation of Orbitals**: The number of atomic orbitals that combine during hybridization is equal to the number of hybrid orbitals produced. For example, if two atomic orbitals hybridize, two hybrid orbitals will be formed.

3. **Shape of Hybrid Orbitals**: All hybrid orbitals have the same shape. This uniformity in shape is essential for the formation of stable bonds in molecules.

4. **Energy of Hybrid Orbitals**: The energy of the hybrid orbitals is also the same. This equal energy helps in forming equivalent bonds in a molecule.

5. **Directional Properties**: Hybrid orbitals are oriented in specific directions in space, which helps in determining the geometry of the molecule formed.