Parapatric species are species found in
(a) Adjacent geographic ranges
(b) Two ends of a geographical range
(c) Same geographical area
(d) Overlapping geographic area

Options

A. Adjacent geographic ranges
B. Two ends of a geographical range
C. Same geographical area
D. Overlapping geographic area

Answer

To determine where parapatric species are found, we need to understand the concept of parapatric speciation. Here’s a step-by-step solution:

1. **Understand Parapatric Speciation**: Parapatric speciation occurs when two subpopulations of a species are geographically separated but still have a small area where they overlap. This overlap allows for some gene flow between the populations.

2. **Analyze the Options**:
- **Option (a)**: Adjacent geographic ranges - This suggests that the species are found next to each other but not necessarily overlapping.
- **Option (b)**: Two ends of a geographical range - This implies that the species are at opposite ends, which does not align with the concept of parapatric species.
- **Option (c)**: Same geographical area - This indicates that the species occupy the exact same area, which is more characteristic of sympatric speciation.
- **Option (d)**: Overlapping geographic area - This suggests a significant overlap, which is not typical for parapatric species.

3. **Identify the Correct Answer**: Based on the definition of parapatric species, they are found in adjacent geographic ranges where there is a hybrid zone allowing for limited gene flow. Therefore, the correct answer is **(a) Adjacent geographic ranges**.

4. **Conclusion**: Parapatric species are characterized by their presence in adjacent geographic ranges, allowing for some genetic exchange without complete overlap.