Fungal hyphae are able to penetrate the host with the help of

Options

A. Mechanical pressure
B. Softening by enzymes
C. Both A and B
D. Suckers and hooks

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Fungal Hyphae**: Fungal hyphae are tubular, thread-like structures that make up the body of fungi. They are essential for nutrient absorption and growth.

2. **Mechanism of Penetration**: Fungal hyphae penetrate their host or substrate through two primary mechanisms:
- **Mechanical Pressure**: Hyphae exert pressure against the host cell walls, which helps them push through.
- **Enzyme Release**: Hyphae secrete enzymes that soften the host cell walls, making it easier for them to penetrate.

3. **Role of Enzymes**: The enzymes released by the hyphae break down components of the host cell wall, such as cellulose, allowing the hyphae to infiltrate more effectively.

4. **Tip Pressure**: The tip of the hyphae generates mechanical pressure, which aids in pushing against the host's cell mass, facilitating penetration.

5. **Conclusion**: Both mechanical pressure and enzyme action are crucial for the penetration of fungal hyphae into the host. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that fungal hyphae are able to penetrate the host with the help of both mechanical pressure and softening by enzymes.

**Final Answer**: Both A (mechanical pressure) and B (softening by enzymes) are correct.

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