Vascular cryptogams are

Options

A. Bryophytes
B. Spermatophytes
C. Pteridophytes
D. None of the above.

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Term "Vascular Cryptogams":**
- Vascular cryptogams refer to a group of plants that have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) but reproduce via spores instead of seeds.

2. **Defining Cryptogams:**
- Cryptogams are often referred to as "lower plants" because they do not produce seeds. They reproduce solely through spores.

3. **Identifying Characteristics of Cryptogams:**
- They reproduce only by spores.
- They do not produce seeds.

4. **Analyzing the Options:**
- **Option A: Bryophytes** - These are non-vascular plants and do not fit the definition of vascular cryptogams.
- **Option B: Spermatophytes** - These are seed-producing plants, so they cannot be classified as cryptogams.
- **Option C: Pteridophytes** - These are vascular plants that reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds, making them the correct answer.
- **Option D: None of the above** - This option is incorrect since we have identified the correct answer.

5. **Conclusion:**
- The correct answer is **Option C: Pteridophytes**, as they are the only group among the options that are vascular and reproduce by spores.

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