In Dryopteris
(a) Sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte
(b) Sporophyte is independent
(c) Gametophyte is independent
(d) Both b and c

Options

A. Sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte
B. Sporophyte is independent
C. Gametophyte is independent
D. Both B and C.

Answer

To solve the question regarding the relationship between sporophyte and gametophyte in Dryopteris, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Organisms**:
- Dryopteris is a genus of ferns that includes around 250 species, commonly found in temperate regions, particularly in the northern hemisphere.

2. **Identifying the Life Cycle**:
- The life cycle of Dryopteris involves alternation between two generations: the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid).

3. **Characteristics of Sporophyte**:
- The sporophyte of Dryopteris is diploid and produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores are released and can develop into gametophytes.

4. **Characteristics of Gametophyte**:
- The gametophyte is haploid and is known as the prothallus. It bears sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) and is responsible for producing gametes.

5. **Independence of Generations**:
- Both the sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other. The gametophyte does not rely on the sporophyte for nutrition, and vice versa.

6. **Evaluating the Options**:
- (a) Sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte - This is incorrect as both are independent.
- (b) Sporophyte is independent - This is correct.
- (c) Gametophyte is independent - This is also correct.
- (d) Both b and c - This is the correct choice as both statements about independence are true.

### Conclusion:
The correct answer is **(d) Both b and c**.

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