Amitosis occurs during cell division in

Options

A. Foetal membranes
B. Endosperm
C. Cartilage cells
D. All the above

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Amitosis**: Amitosis is a type of cell division that occurs without the formation of spindle fibers. It is a simpler form of division compared to mitosis and is characterized by the direct division of the nucleus.

2. **Identifying Occurrences of Amitosis**: Amitosis is typically observed in lower eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. However, it can also occur in certain specialized cells in higher organisms, including humans.

3. **Examples of Amitosis**:
- **Adrenal Glands**: Amitosis has been observed in the adrenal glands of mammals.
- **Mammalian Liver**: It also occurs in the liver cells of mammals.
- **Fetal Membranes**: The outer layer of the blastocyst, known as the trophoblast, undergoes amitosis.
- **Endosperm**: In plants, during the free nuclear division of the endosperm, amitosis can occur.
- **Cartilage Cells**: Amitosis is also observed in certain cartilage cells.

4. **Evaluating the Options**: The question provides multiple options regarding where amitosis occurs:
- Fetal membranes
- Endosperm
- Cartilage cells

5. **Conclusion**: Since amitosis occurs in all the mentioned options, the correct answer is that amitosis occurs during cell division in all of the above options.

**Final Answer**: Option number four, "All of the above".

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