In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by

Options

A. Cell plate
B. Invagination
C. Furrowing
D. All the above

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Cytokinesis**: Cytokinesis is the process that follows mitosis, where the cytoplasm of a parental cell is divided into two daughter cells. In plant cells, this process is distinct from that in animal cells.

2. **Formation of the Cell Plate**: In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a structure called the cell plate. This is different from animal cells, which undergo cleavage furrow formation.

3. **Role of Microtubules and Actin Filaments**: During cytokinesis in plant cells, microtubules and actin filaments play a crucial role. They help in organizing the components necessary for the formation of the new cell structure.

4. **Phragmoplast Formation**: The microtubules and actin filaments contribute to the formation of a structure called the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast is cylindrical in shape and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of the cell plate.

5. **Vesicle Fusion**: Vesicles containing cell wall materials are transported to the phragmoplast. These vesicles fuse together on the phragmoplast, contributing to the formation of the cell plate.

6. **Development of the Primary Cell Plate**: As the vesicles fuse, they form a structure known as the primary cell plate. This structure will eventually develop into the new cell wall that separates the two daughter cells.

7. **Finalization of Cytokinesis**: The deposition of materials on the primary cell plate leads to the formation of the mature cell plate, completing the process of cytokinesis in plant cells.

### Conclusion:
In summary, cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by the formation of a cell plate, which is established through the action of microtubules, actin filaments, and vesicle fusion.

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