Genotype of `F_(1)` individuals can be tested by

Options

A. Backcross with homozygous recessive parent
B. Reciprocal crossing
C. Backcrossing with heterozygous parent
D. Backcrossing homozygous dominant parent

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks how to test the genotype of F1 individuals. F1 individuals are the first generation offspring resulting from a cross between two parent organisms.

2. **Identifying the Cross**: To determine the genotype of an F1 individual, we can perform a specific type of genetic cross known as a **test cross**. This involves crossing the F1 individual with a homozygous recessive parent.

3. **Defining the Test Cross**: A test cross is a breeding experiment designed to determine the genotype of an individual exhibiting a dominant phenotype. By crossing this individual with a homozygous recessive individual, we can observe the phenotypes of the offspring to infer the genotype of the F1 individual.

4. **Example**: Consider a scenario where we have a violet flower (dominant trait) and a white flower (recessive trait). The violet flower can either be homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous (Pp). The white flower is homozygous recessive (pp).

5. **Performing the Test Cross**:
- If the F1 violet flower is crossed with the homozygous recessive white flower (pp), the offspring will show:
- If the violet flower is homozygous (PP), all offspring will be violet (Pp).
- If the violet flower is heterozygous (Pp), half of the offspring will be violet (Pp) and half will be white (pp).

6. **Interpreting Results**: By observing the phenotypes of the offspring from this cross, we can determine whether the F1 individual was homozygous or heterozygous for the dominant trait.

7. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the genotype of F1 individuals can be tested by performing a test cross with a homozygous recessive parent.

### Final Answer
The genotype of F1 individuals can be tested by a test cross with a homozygous recessive parent.

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