Banding techniques used in case of plant chromosomes are

Options

A. G and R
B. C and G
C. C and N
D. Q and R

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Banding Techniques**: Banding techniques are methods used to stain chromosomes in a way that produces a pattern of light and dark bands. These patterns help in identifying and differentiating chromosomes based on their structure and composition.

2. **Identifying Common Banding Techniques**: The most commonly used banding techniques include:
- Q banding
- G banding
- C banding
- N banding

3. **Q Banding**: This technique is primarily used for identifying human and mouse chromosomes. However, it is not specifically applicable to plant chromosomes.

4. **G Banding**: Similar to Q banding, G banding is also not suitable for plant chromosomes. It is more commonly used for animal chromosomes.

5. **C Banding**: C banding is significant for plant chromosomes as it highlights constitutive heterochromatin. This type of heterochromatin is found near the centromere, at the telomere, and in nucleolar organizer regions. C banding is useful for identifying regions of chromosomes that contain highly repetitive DNA.

6. **N Banding**: N banding is another technique relevant to plant chromosomes. It is typically located at secondary constrictions, which are found near the telomeres and centromeres. N bands are associated with non-histone proteins linked to the nucleolar organizer regions.

7. **Conclusion**: The banding techniques that are used specifically for plant chromosomes are C banding and N banding.

**Final Answer**: The banding techniques used in case of plant chromosomes are C banding and N banding.

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