Mangroves have special type of roots

Options

A. Pneumatophores
B. Stil and prop roots
C. Horizontal and knee roots
D. All tha above.

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Mangroves**:
- Mangroves are specialized trees or shrubs that thrive in coastal intertidal zones. They are known for their ability to tolerate saline (salty) water and grow in environments with limited oxygen.

2. **Special Root Adaptations**:
- To survive in such challenging conditions, mangroves have developed unique types of roots. These adaptations help them in gas exchange and provide physical support.

3. **Types of Roots**:
- **Pneumatophores**:
- These are specialized aerial roots that rise above the ground. They have numerous pores called lenticels, which facilitate gas exchange, allowing the mangrove to take in oxygen from the atmosphere. Pneumatophores can be pencil-like or peg-like in appearance.
- **Stilt Roots**:
- These roots grow from the stem of the mangrove and extend down into the soil, providing additional support. They also have lenticels for gas exchange.
- **Knee Roots**:
- Some mangrove species develop knee-like roots that also serve the purpose of gas exchange and support.

4. **Conclusion**:
- All the mentioned root types (pneumatophores, stilt roots, and knee roots) are adaptations of mangroves to their environment. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that mangroves have all of the above special types of roots.

5. **Final Answer**:
- The correct option is **4. All the above**.