X- Rays cause mutation by

Options

A. Breaking spindle
B. Ruptuing of nuclear membrane
C. Changing the chromosome morphology
D. Incucing karyokinesis

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding X-Rays**: X-rays are a form of high-energy ionizing radiation. They have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, which can lead to various biological effects, including mutations in DNA.

2. **Mechanism of Mutation**: When X-rays interact with biological tissues, they can cause damage to the DNA. This damage often results in mutations, which are changes in the DNA sequence. The mutations caused by X-rays are typically lethal and irreversible.

3. **Types of Mutations**: The mutations induced by X-rays can be classified as point mutations. Point mutations involve changes in a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA sequence. Among the various types of point mutations, deletions are particularly common due to the high-energy nature of X-rays.

4. **Impact on Chromosome Morphology**: The deletions caused by X-ray exposure can lead to changes in the structure of chromosomes. When a segment of a chromosome is deleted, it alters the overall morphology of the chromosome, which can affect gene expression and cellular function.

5. **Evaluating Options**:
- **Breaking Spindle**: This option is incorrect. X-rays do not cause mutations by interfering with spindle formation during cell division.
- **Rupturing Nuclear Membrane**: This option is also incorrect. X-rays do not primarily cause mutations by rupturing the nuclear membrane.
- **Changing Chromosome Morphology**: This option is correct. X-rays cause mutations that lead to changes in chromosome morphology, particularly through deletions.
- **Inducing Karyokinesis**: This option is incorrect. Karyokinesis refers to nuclear division, which is not directly induced by X-rays.

6. **Conclusion**: The correct answer is that X-rays cause mutations by changing chromosome morphology, primarily through point mutations and deletions.