Habital loss and fragmentation over exploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction are causes for:

Options

A. Population explosion
B. Biodiversity loss
C. Migration
D. Pollution

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution

1. **Identify the Causes**: The question lists four specific causes: habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction.

2. **Understand Each Cause**:
- **Habitat Loss and Fragmentation**: This refers to the destruction of natural habitats, such as forests, which leads to smaller, isolated patches of habitat. This can disrupt ecosystems and make it difficult for species to survive.
- **Overexploitation**: This involves the excessive hunting, fishing, or harvesting of species, leading to their decline or extinction.
- **Alien Species Invasion**: This occurs when non-native species are introduced to an ecosystem, often outcompeting native species for resources and disrupting local ecosystems.
- **Co-extinction**: This is the phenomenon where the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species that is dependent on it.

3. **Connect the Causes to Biodiversity Loss**: All four causes contribute significantly to the decline in biodiversity. They disrupt ecosystems, lead to the extinction of species, and alter the balance of natural habitats.

4. **Identify the Term for These Causes**: Collectively, these four causes are often referred to as the "Evil Quartet," which highlights their role in the loss of biodiversity.

5. **Select the Correct Answer**: Based on the understanding that these four factors lead to a decrease in biodiversity, the correct answer to the question is that they are causes for the loss of biodiversity.

### Final Answer
The causes listed (habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction) are primarily responsible for the **loss of biodiversity**.

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