What is meant by fractional distillation? State the principle on which it is based.

Explanation

### Step-by-Step Solution

1. **Definition of Fractional Distillation**:
Fractional distillation is a separation technique used to separate a mixture of liquids into its individual components based on their different boiling points. It is a specialized form of distillation that is particularly effective for separating miscible liquids, which are liquids that mix together completely.

2. **Process of Fractional Distillation**:
The process begins by heating the liquid mixture in a distillation apparatus. As the mixture heats up, the component with the lowest boiling point will vaporize first. The vapor is then collected and cooled in a condenser, where it turns back into liquid form. This liquid, known as the distillate, is collected separately. The process can be repeated to separate other components of the mixture, each with a higher boiling point.

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