In which option the phrases are in correct order?
a. Use restriction enzyme b. Use DNA ligase c. Remove plasmid from parent bacterium d. Introduce plasmid into new bacterium

Options

A. a, b, c, d
B. d, c, b, a
C. c, a, b, d
D. b, c, a, d

Answer

To determine the correct order of the phrases related to the biotechnology process of gene cloning, we can break down the steps involved:

1. **Remove plasmid from parent bacterium (c)**: The first step in the process is to extract the plasmid from the parent bacterium. The plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that can replicate independently within the bacterial cell.

2. **Use restriction enzyme (a)**: After obtaining the plasmid, the next step is to use a restriction enzyme to cut the plasmid DNA at specific sites. This allows for the insertion of the gene of interest.

3. **Use DNA ligase (b)**: Once the plasmid has been cut, the gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid. To seal the new DNA fragment into the plasmid, DNA ligase is used. This enzyme facilitates the joining of the DNA fragments together.

4. **Introduce plasmid into new bacterium (d)**: The final step is to introduce the modified plasmid, which now contains the gene of interest, into a new bacterium. This allows the new bacterium to express the desired trait encoded by the inserted gene.

Putting these steps in order gives us the sequence:
c → a → b → d.

Thus, the correct order of the phrases is:
- c. Remove plasmid from parent bacterium
- a. Use restriction enzyme
- b. Use DNA ligase
- d. Introduce plasmid into new bacterium

**Final Answer**: The correct order is c, a, b, d.